I-Dongshao ingumkhiqizi waseChina odumile nomhlinzeki we-China neminyaka yesipiliyoni ebhekelela ukukhiqizwa kwe-flat washer. Siyethemba ukusungula ubudlelwano bezentengiso nawe.
Thola ukukhethwa okukhulu kwe-washer eyisicaba eChina eDongshao. Ama-washers afulethini ayingxenye ebalulekile yezinto ezixhumayo, njengoba ama-washers afanelekile afanele angaqondanisa ngokunembile usayizi we-bolts futhi athuthukise ukuqina kokuxhumeka. Ama-washers asezingeni eliphakeme angathuthukisa ukusebenza kwawo kwesikhathi eside nokuqina. Ama-washers afulethi anezinhlobonhlobo zezicelo ezimbonini ezahlukahlukene, kufaka phakathi ukunciphisa ukungezwani, ukuvimbela ukuvuza, ukwehlukaniswa, ukuvimbela ukukhulula noma ukusabalalisa ingcindezi. Ama-washers asezingeni eliphakeme angaxhunywa ngokuqinile nezinye izakhi ukunciphisa ingozi yokuguqulwa kwesakhiwo futhi athuthukise ukuphepha nokuqina kokuxhumeka. Uma udinga ukuthenga ama-washers aphansi, singaqinisa ukulawulwa kwekhwalithi, sinikeze ngemikhiqizo esezingeni eliphakeme nezinsizakalo eziqeqeshiwe, futhi sikusize ukufeza ngempumelelo izinhloso zokuthengwa kwempahla ephezulu.
Sekukonke, ama-washers acwebezelayo adlala indima ebalulekile empilweni yethu yansuku zonke ngokwandisa indawo yokuxhumana yezingxenye ezixhunyiwe, ngaleyo ndlela zivikele indawo ebalulekile ekulimaleni, ngokuvikela ukucindezela, ukubekwa uphawu, ukumuncwa kwethulwa kanye nokulungiswa nokulungiswa.
(mm) | Φ1.6 | Φ 2 | Φ2.5 | Φ 3 | Φ 23.5 | Φ 4 | Φ 2 | ተ Afri abe | 20 | Φ 10 | Φ12 | Φ444 | Φ16 | Φ18 | Φ Uma0 | Φ222 | ★ φ24440 | Φ Siyakwenza | Φ | Φ333 | Φ930 | Φ 1339 | Φ42 | Φ 4455 | Φ488 | Φ2052 | Φ Afrika50 | ተ30 | Khipha ku-internet |
uku | 1.8 | 2.4 | 2.9 | 3.4 | 3.9 | 4.5 | 5.5 | 6.6 | 6 | 11 | 13.5 | 15.5 | 17.5 | 20 | 22 | 24 | 26 | 30 | 33 | 36 | 39 | 42 | 45 | 48 | 52 | 56 | 62 | 66 | 70 |
d max | 2.05 | 2.65 | 3.15 | 3.7 | 4.2 | 4.8 | 5.8 | 6.96 | 9.36 | 11.43 | 13.93 | 15.93 | 17.93 | 20.43 | 22.52 | 24.52 | 26.52 | 30.52 | 33.62 | 37 | 40 | 43 | 46 | 49 | 53.2 | 57.2 | 63.2 | 67.2 | 71.2 |
ka-max | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 | 12 | 16 | 20 | 24 | 28 | 30 | 34 | 37 | 39 | 44 | 50 | 56 | 60 | 66 | 72 | 78 | 85 | 92 | 98 | 105 | 110 | 115 |
Dc min | 3.25 | 4.25 | 5.25 | 6.1 | 7.1 | 8.1 | 9.1 | 10.9 | 14.9 | 18.7 | 22.7 | 26.7 | 28.7 | 32.4 | 35.4 | 37.4 | 42.4 | 48.4 | 54.1 | 58.1 | 64.1 | 70.1 | 76.1 | 82.8 | 89.8 | 95.8 | 102.8 | 107.8 | 112.8 |
H max | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 1 | 1.2 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 2.3 | 2.8 | 2.8 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 3.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 4.6 | 6 | 6 | 7 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 9.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 | 11.2 |
H min | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 3.4 | 4 | 4 | 5 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 6.8 | 8.8 | 8.8 | 8.8 |